Dissertation

To what extent do socio-cultural phenomena in late 20th century India influence housing typologies in rural Punjab?

Abstract

Punjab is a northern state in India that was divided during the 1947 partition, resulting in half of the state becoming part of Pakistan. This region is rich in culture and traditions. Over the 20th century, technological advances and the influence of British rule led to increases in GDP per capita and, consequently, higher consumerism, which changed the way individuals lived in their homes. These developments have begun to reach more remote areas, including the rural parts of Punjab, affecting the lifestyles of villagers.

Throughout the 20th century, settlements in Punjab have evolved, with a growing preference for improved housing conditions that better meet household needs, including biological, environmental, comfort, and aesthetic considerations. Theorist Amos Rapoport posits that culture is a major factor shaping vernacular housing typologies. This dissertation tests this theory to determine whether it holds true for the main settlement types in Punjab, including ‘Kucca,’ ‘Semi-Kucca,’ and ‘Pucca’ houses.

My methods included analyzing floor plans, sections, and elevations through archival research, drawings, and observations, as well as studying existing scholarship on the influences on rural settlements. My primary theoretical framework identified four key themes—Gender, Economy, Climate, and Religion—that contribute to the layout and form of housing typologies in Punjab. A literature review is discussed throughout this paper.

The findings indicate that cultural and economic forces are the most significant factors determining dwelling typology.